מענדעלע

2Šme Universit‚ d't‚ : "Yiddish en Alsace" du 16 au 27 juillet 2001

… l'ORT- Strasbourg

- cours de yiddish en 3 niveaux : - niveau 1 : Sonia Pinkusowitz (Institut Martin Buber-Bruxelles) - niveau 2 : Miriam Trinh (Universit‚ de J‚rusalem) - niveau 3 : (en cours)

-ateliers : - th‚ƒtre avec Rafa‰l Goldwaser - chanson et danse klezmer avec Astrid Ruff - cuisine

- animations culturelles : - conf‚rences et visio-conf‚rences - d‚couverte du patrimoine juif rural

Inscription : plein tarif : 2.000.-F ‚tudiant : 1.500.-F possibilit‚ d'h‚bergement en r‚sidence ‚tudiante : 3.600.-F rens. : 00333 88 44 18 14 ou 00333 88 98 39 46 e-mail : kruff@cybercable.fr site internet : http://lufteater.free.fr Der LufTeater - Le Th‚ƒtre en l'Air

2nd Yiddish Summer University : "Yiddish in Alsace" 16th - 27th July 2001 at the ORT School in Strasburg

- Yiddish language course in 3 levels : - level 1 : Sonia Pinkusowitz (Martin Buber Institute - Brussels) - level 2 : Miriam Trinh (Jerusalem University) - level 3 : (not decided yet)

- Workshops : - Yiddish Theatre with Rafa‰l Goldwaser - Klezmer Song & Dance with Astrid Ruff - Yiddish Cuisine

- Cultural events : - Conferences and Video-conferences - Discovery of local rural Jewish heritage

Registration fee : 2.000 French Francs student tarif : 1.500 French Francs Lodgings available in a student residence : 3.600 Fr Fr

Information : 00333 88 44 18 14 or 00333 88 98 39 46 e-mail : kruff@cybercable.fr web site : http://lufteater.free.fr

Rafael Goldwaser

tsveyter internatsionaler forsh-seminar vegn yidisher kultur

Es freyt undz tzu anonsirn az der TSVEYTER INTERNATSIONALER FORSH-SEMINAR VEGN YIDISHER KULTUR vet forkumen in Nyu York, in campus fun yidishn teologishn seminar (JTS), tsvishn dem 18tn un dem 29stn yuni 2,001. Der seminar vert organizirt fun Beyt Sholem Aleykhem (Tel Aviv), dem yidish-opteyl in hebreyshn universitet in Yerusholaym, der yidisher teologisher seminar un der Yivo. Di onfirers veln zayn Avrom Novershtern un Dovid Roskies. Rivke Margolis vet zayn di administrative sekretarshe.

Der seminar vert planirt far graduir-studentn afn gebit fun yidish un mizrekh eyropeisher yidisher kultur un geshikhte, zey zoln fartifern un sistematizirn zeyer visn. Studentn fun farsheydene lender un forsh-perspektivn veln zikh bakenen eyner mitn andern un oykh hobn a gelegnhayt zikh tsu banitsn mit di raykhe forsh-resursn vos gefinen zikh in Nyu York.

Di hatslokhe fun dem ershtn seminar vos iz forgekumen in Yisroel in 1999, der entuzyazm fun zayne bateylikte, vi oykh zeyere forleygn vos shaykh a hemshekh far undzer initsyativ, hobn undz gedint vi a yesod tsutsugreytn dem hayyorikn seminar. Oykh dos mol iz di program oysn graduir- un post-graduir-studentn vos viln zikh bateylikn in INTENSIVE LIMUDIM GEFIRT IN GANTSN AF YIDISH. Der kern fun seminar veln zayn di vayterdike temes un lektorn: - Yitskhok Niborski, "Der veg fun der yidisher shprakh-forshung un ire hoyptgeshtaltn"; - Dovid Roskies, "Der yidisher impresyonizm"; - Eugene Orenstein,"Ideologyes fun yidish"; - Ruth Wisse, "Avrom Sutzkevers shafn"; - Avrom Novershtern, "Di yidishe apokaliptishe poeme"; - Shikl Fishman, "Temes in yidisher sotsyo-lingvistik"; - Mordkhe Schaechter, "Klal-shprakh un shprakh-normirung".

Oyser dem veln studentn forshteln zeyer forsharbet, un me vet oykh hobn a meglekhkeyt zikh tsu trefn mit yidishe shraybers un kultur-tuers.

Dos mol vet der seminar take kenen onnemen nor biz akhtsn bateylikte. Di vos veln es darfn veln krign stipendyes tsu dekn a mamoshesdikn teyl fun zeyere for-hoytsoes, vi oykh a voynungort afn kheshbm fun di organizirers.

Keyn formeler aplikatsye-boygn iz nishto. Di farinteresirte darfn araynshikn a blitsbriv mit a kurtser biografye un a bashraybung fun zeyer forsharbet un interesn. Dem blitsbriv darfn zey shikn tsu di organizatorn fun dem seminar: - nowers@shum.cc.huji.ac.il - daroskies@jtsa.edu Di farinteresirte darfn oykh araynshikn a transcript fun zeyer limudim afn adres: Ms. Rebecca Margolis Box 100 Jewish Theological Seminary 3080 Broadway New York, NY 10027-4649 USA Der letster termin arayntsugebn bakoshes iz dem 15tn februar. Di entfers veln aroysgeshikt vern biz dem 31stn marts.

Di organizirers hobn fartrakht dem seminar vi an oyfn tsu helfn tsutsugreytn dem nayem kader fun yidish-lerers un yidish forshers iber der velt. Mir hofn zikh tsu trefn in Nyu York in yuni - in a guter sho!

Avrom Novershtern (nowers@shum.cc.huji.ac.il) Dovid Roskies (daroskies@jtsa.edu) Rivke Margolis (rm318@columbia.edu)

English abstract:

THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL ADVANCED SEMINAR IN YIDDISH STUDIES will be taking place in New York from June 18 through June 29, 2001, on the campus of the Jewish Theological Seminary. The Seminar is co-sponsored by Beit Sholem Aleichem in Tel Aviv, the Yiddish Department of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, the Jewish Theological Seminary, and the YIVO Institute. The organizers will be Avrom Nowersztern and David Roskies, and the administrator will be Rebecca Margolis.

The Seminar is intended for graduate and post-graduate students in the fields of Yiddish and Eastern European Jewish culture and history. It is to consist of intensive and advanced study of Yiddish literature, culture, and language, and is to take place entirely in Yiddish.

Interested applicants should submit an letter, in Yiddish, containing a brief biography and description of their research and interests. This should be sent via e-mail to: - nowers@shum.cc.huji.ac.il - daroskies@jtsa.edu In addition, applicants are requested to send a university transcript to the following address: Ms. Rebecca Margolis Box 100 Jewish Theological Seminary 3080 Broadway New York, NY 10027-4649 USA Deadline for applications is February 15, 2001. Applicants will be informed of their acceptance by March 31, 2001.

Avrom Novershtern (nowers@shum.cc.huji.ac.il) Dovid Roskies (daroskies@jtsa.edu) Rivke Margolis (rm318@columbia.edu)

FOURTH ANNUAL VILNIUS PROGRAM IN YIDDISH (1-29 August 2001)

Having learned many lessons from the first three years of the intensive four-week Vilnius Yiddish summer course, the organizers are determined that the 2001 program will be one of the best Yiddish summer courses ever.

Administrative hassles in previous years were caused mainly by the summer course office being dismantled and recreated each year, due to lack of financial support. This has now been put right by Mendy Cahan (who became program director in late 1999). Mr, Cahan, founder and director of the "Yung Yidish" Institute in Jerusalem, has just completed setting up an all-year-round office dedicated to the one month summer course, and I am proud to have been appointed to the post of Project Manager (long time coordinator Justinas Vancevichius continues to be on board!).

The academic director this year will again be Professor Dovid Katz, who started his summer course career as a teacher of the advanced course at the 1980 YIVO-Columbia summer program, and went on to found the Oxford Program in Yiddish in 1982, and the Vilnius summer program in 1998. Professor Katz settled in Vilnius in 1999 to take up the post of Professor of Yiddish Language, Literature and Culture at Vilnius University, where he is also director of the Center for Stateless Cultures. We all congratulate Professor Katz on his recent winning of a Guggenheim to write a new Yiddish novel (the first Guggenheim ever awarded, we believe, for the writing of a book in Yiddish).

The summer 2001 faculty will include Dr Hanan Bordin of the Jerusalem University, Professor Eli Katz of Berkeley, Professor Jerold Frakes of the University of Southern California, Professor Anna Verschik of the University of Tallinn in Estonia, Professor Dov-Ber Kerler of the University of Indiana in Bloomington, and other leading scholars with whom negotiations are now being completed.

There will again be four levels of university accredited instruction, ranging from Yiddish I (for complete beginners) to Yiddish IV (advanced), covering the mornings.

But what makes the Vilnius program different in principle is that it is held in Vilnius - the historic Yiddish Vilne - where participants can interact with and "inhale" from several thousand Yiddish speaking survivors in the area the most authentic Yiddish the twenty-first century has to offer. Specialists among them give talks, workshops and walking tours as part of the Cultural Program, which occupies the afternoons and evenings. The cultural program also includes concerts, singing sessions, theater workshops, walking tours of old Jewish Vilna, excursions to a shtetl and the few Jews who still live there, films, theater workshops and much much more. Guest lecturers include the leaders of the present day Jewish communities of Vilna, Kovna, Grodna and Brisk (Brest). It is possible, by the way, to enroll in the Cultural Program only (with no attendance of language classes and no credits).

By seeing and feeling the streets of the Old City, speaking with survivors, and seeing the architecture of shtetl houses and taking in the natural panorama, participants are much better able to "feel" the world described in the great Yiddish classics.

Last but not least, it is important to mention that Vilnius, alongside its old lanes and streets, now has every modern convenience and amenity, with a huge range of accommodation ranging from student dormitories at 10$ a night all the way to the most lavish hotels at over 200$ a night. Is is a safe and happy city. For westerners, the city present many first class hotels, charming cafes with delicious fare to suit every taste, and shops at very affordable prices.

Please do not hesitate to contact me with any questions or comments you may have. I'll be happy to send you a copy of "Vilnius in your Pocket" which details some of the day and night life available in this newly-thriving East European capital (and of course, a copy of our Vilnius 2001 summer program leaflet).

Best wishes to all Mendele subscribers for 2001 from

Egdunas Racius, Project Manager, Vilnius Program in Yiddish, 4 Pylimo Street, Vilnius 2001, Lithuania.

Phone: 011 3702 612114; fax: 011 3702 227915.

Email: info@yiddishvilnius.com

(our website, www.yiddishvilnius.com will be substantially updated in February, but gives at least a partial picture of what participants can anticipate).

Egdunas Racius

Yiddishkayt Los Angeles and the University of Southern California's Center for Feminist Research invites you to explore Women's Yiddish Voices on February 24 and 25 in Los Angeles. Through the centuries, the myriad voices of Jewish women have found their expression in the rich mameloshn (mother tongue) of the East European Ashkenazi Jews. Yiddish has long been associated with women and women=92s literature. From folktales to lullabies, from the earliest women's prayer books to the writing of the brilliant 20th century poets and novelists, Yiddish has given voice to Jewish women's passions, dreams, and longings. di froyenshtimen/ Women's Yiddish Voices will explore the historical and contemporary contributions of women to Yiddish culture.

Women's Yiddish Voices begins on Saturday night, February 24, at Temple Isaiah in West Los Angeles, with a concert by MIKVEH, a 'super-group' made up of well-known women klezmer musicians. An all-day conference (in English) co-sponsored by the USC Center for Feminist Research follows on Sunday, February 25, on the University of Southern California campus. The conference schedule follows.

For a brochure and more information contact: Yiddishkayt Los Angeles, yiddishkaytla@eathlink.net, www.yiddishkaytla.org, 323/692-8151.

di froyenshtimen/WOMEN'S YIDDISH VOICES

Concert by MIKVEH Saturday, February 24, 8 pm, Temple Isaiah, 13045 W. Pico Blvd., Los Angeles

Conference, February 25, 9 am 5 pm, Taper Hall, USC 9-9:30 am, Registration

9:30 10:30 am, Plenary Lecture by Dr. Kathryn Hellerstein

10:30 12 noon: Morning Sessions

Morning A: SHRAYBN: WOMEN WRITERS OF THE 19 & 20 CENTURIES Dr. Kathryn Hellerstein on Kadya Molodovsky Troim Katz Handler on Esther Singer Kreitzman Norma Fain Pratt on Anna Margolin

Morning B: LEZBIANKES: LESBIAN IDENTITY IN TODAY'S YIDDISH AMERICAN COMMUNITY Irena Klepfisz Fran Chalin Sara Felder

Morning C: YIDDISH IN THE MEDIA Eve Jochnowitz: Audible kashres: food ads on Yiddish radio Ellie Kellman: Women as Heroes in Yiddish American Popular Fiction

Morning D: WORKSHOP on WOMEN'S SONGS OF EXILE AND HOMECOMINGYIDDISH MUSIC Adrienne Cooper

12:15 1:30 pm: Lunch and Keynote Speech by Irena Klepfisz

2 3:15 pm: Afternoon Session 1

Afternoon -1A: A GAYSTIK FARGENIGN : SOULFUL DELIGHTS: WOMEN'S LIFE-STORIES IN THE US Jocelyn Cohen: Saved by Reading: Working Class Autobiography

Afternoon -1B: GLICKL'S SHVESTER: MEDIEVAL WOMEN Gerald Frakes: Vashti as Political Radical in Early Purim Shpiln Justin Jared Lewis: Smart, Strong, Sexy & frum: Biblical Women in a Medieval Yiddish Manuscript

Afternoon - 1C: HELDISHE FROYEN: WOMEN RADICALS Lilke Majzner: Women's Political Role in Europe and During the Holocaust: 1880-1945 Norma Fain Pratt: Continuing the Tradition in the goldene medine

Afternoon - 1D: T'KHINES : PRAYERS AND SUPPLICATIONS Kaye Goodman

3:30 4:30 pm Afternoon Session 2:

Afternoon -2A: FROYEN IN YIDDISHN TEATER Sabell Bender: Women in the Yiddish Theater: Actors, Directors and Characters

Afternoon -2B: UNDZERE HAYNTIKE POETN / OUR CONTEMPORARY POETS Poets Read Their Poetry (in Yiddish and English) Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman Sarah Moscowitz Troim Katz Handler Gitl Shaechter-Viswanath

Afternoon -2C: DERTSEYLERINS / Storytellers Itsik Gottesman: Women in Yiddish Folktales Justin Jaron Lewis: I Heard It from the Rebbetzin: Women as Heroes and Storytellers in Hasidic Tales

Afternoon -2D: A YIDISHN TAM / A JEWISH FLAVOR Eve Jochnowitz / Yiddish Foodways in the Old World and the New

4:45 5 pm: Closing

Susan Lerner

Der Yidisher Tamtam, a Yiddish periodical published in Paris by the Association for Yiddish Studies (AEDCY) and the Medem Library, begins its sixth year of publication. Der Yidisher Tamtam is intended primarily for students of Yiddish but it can be of interest to all Yiddish readers. It contains articles of various levels of language, with difficult words and expressions explained in French and English. It comes out 5 times a year and is available by subscription to readers abroad.

HOW TO SUBSCRIBE The cost of a 1-year subscription (5 issues of minimum 8 pages) is 100 French Francs (about $13,5 U.S.) in the European Union and 150 FF (about $20,5 U. S.) for other countries. We also offer a special group-discount, specially for Yiddish classes or reading groups : for 10 copies sent to the same adress, 250 FF (about $34 U. S.) in the European Union and 350 FF (about $48 U. S.) for other countries. Payment can be made to the address below : 1. by check in French Francs (no checks in foreign currency can be accepted). 2. by credit card (Visa or Eurocard/Mastercard). Please send full name and address, number and expiration date of card.

For further information, or to receive a free copy of the last issue, write to: AEDCY DER YIDDISHER TAM-TAM B.P. 3256 75122 Paris CEDEX 03

or send an e-mail to: medem@yiddishweb.com

Der Yidisher Tamtam, a periodish bletl far yidish lerners, hot ongehoybn zayn zekste yor publikatsye. Dos bletl iz aroysgegebn fun der Gezelshaft farn Yidish-Limed (GEFIL) tsuzamen mit der Medem Bibliotek. Der Yidisher Tamtam past far ale yidish-leyeners, ober der iker far lerners fun der shprakh. Me gefint artiklen oyf farsheydene madreyges, fun same onheybers biz gants avansirte, mit derklerungen oyf frantseyzish un oyf english. Der Yidisher Tamtam kumt aroys 5 mol a yor un mir nemen abonementn fun oysland.

ABONEMENT An abonement oyf eyn yor (5 numern fun minimum 8 zaytn) kost 100 Frantseyzishe Frank (13,5 dolar) in dem eyropeishn fareyn un 150 F. F. (20,5 dolar) far andere erter. A grupe (a yidishklas tsi a leyenkrayz) ken abonirn unter di vayterdike badingungen=A0: far 10 numern geshikt oyf dem zelbikn adres 250 F. F. (34 dolar) in dem eyropeishn fareyn un 350 F.F. (48 dolar) far andere erter. Me meg batsoln (oyf dem adres gegebn oybn ): 1. mit a frantseyzishn tshek (men ken nit batsoln mit a tshek fun oysland) 2. Mit Visacard oder Eurocard/mastercard (shikn nomen, fornomen, numer un oysgang-date)

Far mer protim, un oyb ir vilt bakumen an exemplar umzist, zikh vendn tsum adres do oybn oder durkh blitspost : medem@yiddishweb.com

Gilles Rozier

Nayster numer Afn Shvel (nokh tsugob-protem: Nekhe Farber, 212 787-6675)

S'iz nor vos aroys fun druk der nayster numer funem gezelshaftlekh-literarishn kvartlnik Afn Shvel, der organ fun der Yidish-lige. Der numer iz opgegebn dem zikorn funem yidishn filolog D"r Shloyme Birnboym. Der toykhn fun dem numer:

1. "D"r shloyme birnboym (a kurtser opshats)"; 2. D"r Shikl Fishman -- "Zikhroynes vegn d"r Birnboym"; 3. D"r Shloyme Birnboym -- "A verter-reshime: daytshmerish-yidish"; 4. Shloyme Birnboym -- Briv tsu Khayem Gininger un Mordkhe Schaechter; 5. Rivke Basman -- lider; 6. Mordkhe Schaechter -- "Hinde Briks, zol zikh mien"; 7. D"r Maks Vaynraykh, D"r Zelig Kalmenovitsh, Zalmen Reyzen -- A briv tsu Yuda Yofe; 8. D"r A.-A. Robak -- "Vi halt men mit undzer yidish?"; 9. D"r Mordkhe Schaechter -- "Laytish Mame-loshn", di informative rubrik vegn rekhtikn yidishn sprakhbanits.

Oyb me iz a mitglid fun der yidish-lige (Khaver-gelt:25 dolar a yor) krigt men dem Afn Shvel umzist.An eyntsl-numer kost 8 dolar. Mit bashtelungen zikh vendn tsu

League for Yiddish, Inc. 200 W 72 St, Suite 40 NYC NY 10023-2805

Sholem Berger

The first issue of the new Yiddish journal "Toplpunkt" was presented at the ceremony in Tel Aviv on January 9. The editor, Yakov Beser described the journal that will focus on all aspects of contemporary Yiddish literature, culture, and art. The first issue selected works by authors of all generations: Avrom Sutzkever, Mordkhe Tsanin, Yekhiel Shraibman, Khaim Beyder, Yitzhak Luden, Boris Sandler, Lea Robinson, Sholem Berger, and many others. Full table of contents of the first issue can be seen at http://www.ibiblio.org/yiddish/Toplpunkt

Address of the editorial office: Brener 14, Tel Aviv 63826, phone +972-3-5253088, fax +972-3-6203530

Iosif Vaisman

Fritz Mordechai Kaufmann Die sch”nsten Lieder der Ostjuden - Siebenundvierzig ausgew„hlte Volkslieder

Ausgabe mit Notensatz. Erstmalig vollst„ndig bersetzt und neu herausgegeben von Achim Freudenstein und Karsten Troyke.

Durch Zufall stieá ich bei meinen Studien auf die Liedersammlung "Die sch”nsten Lieder der Ostjuden" von Fritz Mordechai Kaufmann. Was mich daran faszinierte, war sowohl die Art der Zusammenstellung als auch die hier gew„hlte Transkription aus dem Jiddisch-Hebr„ischen. Die fr diesen Band von Kaufmann gew„hlten Texte und Melodien sind n„mlich im Gegensatz zu den sp„ter publizierten Fassungen dem Volk abgelauscht. Das heiát, er hat hier die ursprnglichsten Fassungen in der volksnahesten Form ver”ffentlicht. Desweiteren enth„lt dieser Band Texte und Melodien die nie wieder ver”ffentlicht wurden. Sei es wegen des Anteils tief religi”ser ostjdischer Liedkultur, sei es weil diese Sammlung wegen ihrer fehlenden hochdeutschen šbertragung in Vergessenheit geraten war, jedenfalls taucht die berwiegende Mehrzahl der hier zur Verfgung gestellten Melodien und Texte in den Nachkriegsver”ffentlichungen mit jiddischem Liedgut nicht wieder auf. Auch die Transkription, die Kaufmann hier vornimmt, ist bedeutsam. Beispielsweise w„hlt Kaufmann fr die im polnischen Jiddisch gegenber dem litauischen Jiddisch unterschiedliche Aussprache Sonderzeichen, die es mit der von ihm beigefgten Erl„uterung erm”glichen, sowohl die polnische als auch litauische Les- und Singeart wahlweise zu nutzen. Kaufmann rich-tete sich mit seinem Buch ursprnglich an die assimilierten Juden in Deutschland, um diesen das kulturelle Gut der ostjdischen Bev”lkerung und jdischen Einwanderer aus dem Osten nahe zu bringen. Daher sind die Anmerkungen Kaufmanns fr heutige deutsche Leser nicht mehr zureichend. Das war der Grund weshalb der S„nger jiddischer Lieder Karsten Troyke und ich uns da-zu entschlossen, diese Ausgabe mit erg„nzenden Anmerkungen zu versehen, als auch eine w”rt-liche neuhochdeutsche šbertragung beizufgen. Auf eine Nachdichtung haben wir verzichtet, weil es nicht darum geht, irgend etwas dem Jiddischen „hnelndes zu produzieren, sondern das Ursprngliche des Ostjdischen wieder zug„nglich zu machen. Vorgesetzt habe ich einen Aufsatz von Kaufmann mit dem Titel "Das jdische Volkslied", welcher den Stand der Sammlung ostjdi-schen Liedgutes im Jahre der Herausgabe der hier nun erneut vorliegenden Sammlung dokumen-tiert. Beide Titel wurden ursprnglich im Jdischen Verlag Berlin in den Jahren 1919 und 1920 publiziert. Diese Neuausgabe mag als Hilfe und Anregung dienen, jiddisches Liedgut in einer volksnahen Form nachzuerleben. Kaufmann, der von 1888 bis 1921 lebte und dessen hier vorliegendes Buch hier nun eine Neuauflage erlebt, war selbst bemht, die Eingliederung ostjdi-scher Einwanderer in Deutschland zu untersttzen. Durch die hierdurch entstehenden Kontakte war es Kaufmann in besonderer Weise m”glich, Zugriff auf die damals schon im Schwinden begriffenen ostjdischen Volksliedweisen zu erhalten. Das entsetzliche Unheil, das das deutsche Volk im Nationalsozialismus auch ber die Ostjuden in Polen und im Baltikum gebracht hat, fhrte zum nahezu endgltigen Aussterben jahrhundertealter kultureller Traditionen.

200 S., Pappband, 2001 36,-- DM

Bestellungen bitte ab sofort an: Achims Verlag, Im Žhrenfeld 34, 34295 Edermnde Tel.: 05665-6207 und 06442-927538

Achim Freudenstein

This should have been sent early.. However, my wife Lisa has been ill, and I took it upon myself to send it on.

Duhl, Lisa S. Rocking an empty cradle: A psychological study of Yiddish Holocaust lullabies (Isaiah Spiegel, Chava Rosenfarb, Poland) California School of Professional Psychology, 1999. ISBN 0-599-51516-3

This study, informed by psychoanalytic, hermeneutic, and literary theories, investigates the possibility that Yiddish lullabies written and sung during the Holocaust may have helped people to cope with massive psychic trauma. Holocaust lullabies are located within the traditional Jewish literature of catastrophe and the Holocaust experiences of families. Twenty-two Yiddish lullabies were identified from surviving Holocaust writings. The author's history and the lyrics, provenance and fit to the Yiddish folk lullaby genre formed the basis for inclusion. These and related Yiddish Holocaust writings were translated. Writings of Isaiah Spiegel and Chava Rosenfarb from the Lodz ghetto were interpreted. Holocaust lullabies were written in ghettos and camps, in occupied France, and in flight in the Soviet Union. Thirteen authors, including two women, were identified. Five were fathers, four of small dead children. Fathers of murdered sons wrote as bereaved parents singing to a dead child or its representation. Other authors wrote in varied voices singing to children unborn, born, and orphaned; wife; mother; the Jewish people; and the wind. The lullabies contain explicit Holocaust themes of persecution, death, abandonment, quilt, and mourning. Isaiah Spiegel's life and writings illuminate specific personal meanings in his two lullabies written within eight months of his little daughter's ghetto death in August, 1940. Problematic elements are reflected in his lullabies' imagery of loss. This imagery is sufficiently universal that, theoretically, people hearing and singing these proscribed lullabies could use them to manage and psychologically integrate aspects of their own Holocaust trauma. These songs, survival attests to this possibility. Chava Rosenfarb, protegee of poet Simkhe-Bunem Shayevitsh, wrote her lullaby during the Lodz ghetto liquidation in August, 1944. Rosenfarb's lullaby is read in conjunction with ghetto experiences, other Holocaust poetry, and her writings immediately following liberation. Although Rosenfarb's manuscripts were taken at Auschwitz, she rehearsed her memorized ghetto poems continuously to block out intolerable realities of captivity. The readings of these Yiddish Holocaust lullabies appear to support the premise that they were written and sung to sustain the spirit, support the psychological structure, and integrate the traumatic loss of a people threatened with psychic disorganization during the Holocaust.

Leonard Duhl UC Berkeley